International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce
International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce is a leading international peer-reviewed Research journal that serves as an important forum for scholars, researchers, and professionals in the fields of management, economics and commerce. It is published Bi-annually (Two issues per year) and serves as an important platform for International Journal of Management Economics and Commerce to foster deeper knowledge of contemporary issues and challenges in management, economics, and commerce and to ensure and facilitate exchange of new ideas and research findings. works. International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce welcomes high quality, original research papers, reviews, case studies, and theoretical articles that provide in-depth knowledge of modern issues and challenges in the fields of management, economics, and commerce. Our rigorous peer-review process ensures that only the most impactful and well-researched papers are published. As an English-language journal, International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce promotes a global outlook and welcomes contributions to criticism from researchers around the world. Our objective is to promote excellence and disseminate cutting-edge research that can inform policy, practice, and future learning in the areas of management, economics, and commerce. Journal Particulars Title International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce Frequency Bi-Annual (Two issues per year) ISSN Application-In Progress Publisher Department of Business Intelligence, Gujarat University Editor-in-Chief Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Brahmbhatt Starting Year 2024 Area Management, Economics and Commerce Language English Publication Format Online Email Id ijmec@gujaratuniversity.ac.in Website https://ijmec.org.in/ Address Department of Business Intelligence, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India.
Department of Business Intelligence, Gujarat University
Analysis of the initiatives undertaken by the Central Bank of Iraq to enhance financial inclusion in the Economy
Financial inclusion is a critical pillar for sustainable economic development, particularly in emerging and post-conflict economies such as Iraq. This study analyzes the initiatives undertaken by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) to enhance financial inclusion across diverse demographic groups and geographic regions. The research examines policy frameworks, regulatory reforms, digital financial services, financial literacy programs, and targeted interventions aimed at underserved populations, including women, youth, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and residents of rural and remote areas. Special emphasis is placed on the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (2025–2029) as a guiding framework for coordinated action. Using a qualitative analytical approach based on official reports, international partner assessments, and sector data, the study evaluates the effectiveness of CBI initiatives in expanding access to formal financial services, promoting digital payments, and strengthening consumer trust in the banking system. The findings indicate notable progress in account ownership, electronic payment adoption, and institutional capacity building, while also highlighting persistent challenges related to infrastructure gaps, financial literacy, and regional disparities. The study concludes that sustained regulatory reform, digital innovation, and inclusive policy implementation are essential for achieving comprehensive and equitable financial inclusion in Iraq.
Financial Inclusion; Digital Financial Services; National Financial Inclusion Strategy; Banking Sector Reform; Economic Development;
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A STUDY ON WORKPLACE HAPPINESS AMONG IT PROFESSIONALS
This study explores the effect of workplace factors on the happiness of IT professionals. With the increasing focus on employee well-being and organizational effectiveness, this research investigates how different elements – including Job Satisfaction, Work Autonomy, Work-Life Balance, Coworker Support, and Workload – influence the overall workplace happiness of individuals in the IT sector. The study adopts a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 100 respondents, primarily IT professionals, and data was analyzed using SPSS software through descriptive statistics, reliability testing, and multiple regression analysis. The study adds value to the field of human resource management and organizational behavior by identifying key factors that drive employee engagement and workplace happiness in the context of the IT industry.
Job satisfaction, Work autonomy, Work-life balance, Coworker support, Workload, Workplace happiness
HDFC EVA CHATBOT: A CASE STUDY ON ITS POTENTIAL TO REPLACE HUMAN CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Chatbots have been widely adopted by various sectors, and the banking sector is one of them. In the banking sector, efforts are continuously being made to improve chatbots. This study aims to examine the effectiveness, limitations, and capabilities of chatbots, and to observe whether chatbots can fully answer all the questions that human representatives can. An exploratory research method has been employed in this study. The methodology involves asking the chatbot 20 different types of questions, including general queries, basic information, and some complex questions. The results show that while the chatbot can answer general questions, it struggles with complex ones and is unable to provide responses like other chatbots such as ChatGPT, Meta AI, or Gemini, which can offer more precise answers to specific questions. This indicates that there is still significant room for improvement. The biggest improvement needed in banking chatbots is ensuring that the response is relevant and tailored to the user's question, so that the user's time can be saved. Despite these limitations, the HDFC EVA chatbot has proven to be beneficial for customers in several aspects of banking service.
Chatbots , Artificial Intelligence ,Eva , Hdfc Bank
Understanding the Price - Sustainability Trade-off in Online Consumer Behaviour: A Green Marketing Perspective
The increasing integration of sustainability into marketing practices has significantly influenced consumer decision-making in online retail environments. At the same time, price sensitivity continues to play a critical role in shaping online purchase behaviour, often creating a trade-off between consumers’ sustainability intentions and their willingness to pay. Positioned within a green marketing perspective, this study examines the price-sustainability trade-off in online consumer behaviour using a conceptual research approach. The paper is based on a systematic review of secondary sources, including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and industry reports related to price sensitivity, green marketing, sustainable consumption, and e-commerce behaviour. Drawing on established theoretical perspectives and prior empirical findings, the study develops a conceptual framework that explains the relationships among price sensitivity, sustainability orientation, perceived value, and online purchase intention. The study further advances a set of research propositions that illustrate how price considerations may limit or constrain sustainable consumption in online markets. The analysis suggests that while consumers increasingly express concern for environmental sustainability, price-related factors continue to act as a significant barrier to actual green purchasing behaviour in e-commerce contexts. The study contributes to marketing theory by integrating pricing and sustainability perspectives within a single conceptual framework and offers practical insights for marketers designing green pricing and promotional strategies. The proposed model also provides a foundation for future empirical research on sustainable online consumer behaviour.
Price sensitivity, sustainability, green marketing, online consumer behaviour, e-commerce, perceived value, purchase intention, conceptual framework
Does mHealth Services Worth in India? A Study with Reference to Gujarat State
In today’s digital era, the healthcare sector is increasingly adopting innovative technologies to enhance patient experiences. However, in India, especially in Gujarat, mobile health (mHealth) adoption is still developing. A study conducted with 426 respondents using electronic devices for health monitoring identified key factors affecting mHealth adoption. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and multiple regression, the research found that performance expectancy was the most significant factor in mHealth adoption, while perceived intrusion had minimal impact. Additionally, waiting time did not significantly affect adoption. These findings suggest that improving performance expectancy should be a priority for healthcare providers to enhance mHealth adoption, effectiveness, and overall patient care in the digital healthcare landscape.
Digital health, E-Health, M-Health, Technology in Health, Telemedicine
Exploring the Relationship Between Tariff and EXIM of Selected Countries
This study examines the impact of the Simple Average Tariff Rate (SATR) on the Export-Import Index (EXIM) across five major economies—China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the United States—over a nineteen-year period (2005–2024). Using panel data regression techniques, both Fixed Effects and Random Effects models were applied, with the Random Effects Generalized Least Squares (GLS) model identified as most appropriate based on diagnostic tests. The results reveal a negative but statistically insignificant relationship between tariff rates and EXIM across commercial services, merchandise, and agricultural sectors. This indicates that tariff changes alone do not substantially influence trade balance performance, which is instead shaped by structural, institutional, and macroeconomic factors. The study highlights the diminishing role of traditional tariffs in global trade and emphasizes the importance of innovation, competitiveness, and infrastructure in strengthening export potential. Future research may incorporate non-tariff measures and sector-specific determinants to deepen understanding of trade dynamics.
A STUDY OF THE MONTH OF THE YEAR EFFECT IN NIFTY50 AND BANK NIFTY
The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) asserts that stock prices incorporate all available information, thus negating the potential for systematic abnormal returns. Nevertheless, extensive empirical studies have revealed the presence of calendar anomalies that contest this assertion, particularly the month-of-the-year effect, which indicates that stock returns display systematic seasonal trends. This research examines the existence and statistical relevance of the month-of-the-year effect within the Indian stock market, utilizing two primary indices, NIFTY 50 and Bank NIFTY. The research utilizes dummy variable regression analysis on monthly index returns to determine whether returns in particular months significantly differ from a reference month. Before conducting the regression analysis, the stationarity of returns is confirmed through the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test. The empirical findings indicate limited evidence of monthly seasonality in the Indian equity markets. January is identified as the sole month demonstrating a statistically significant negative return for both indices, signifying a persistent January effect. Conversely, returns in all other months do not exhibit statistically significant variations, indicating a lack of widespread seasonal anomalies. The persistence of the January effect across both the broad market index and the banking sector index underscores the robustness of this anomaly. However, the absence of significant effects in other months suggests a high level of market efficiency within the Indian stock market. These results imply that while isolated calendar anomalies persist, the potential for leveraging month-based trading strategies is constrained. This study adds to the body of literature on stock market anomalies in emerging markets and provides insights into the evolving efficiency of Indian capital markets.
Month-of-the-Year Effect; Calendar Anomalies; Indian Stock Market; NIFTY 50; Bank NIFTY; Dummy Variable Regression; Market Efficiency
A STUDY OF THE DAY OF THE MONTH EFFECT IN NIFTY50 AND SENSEX
This research examines the existence of the Day of the Month Effect within the Indian stock market by analyzing whether daily stock returns display systematic trends linked to particular calendar days. Utilizing daily return data from two prominent benchmark indices—the SENSEX and NIFTY 50—the study applies dummy variable regression models to detect statistically significant return behaviors specific to certain days. Before estimation, the stationarity of the return series is verified through the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test. The empirical findings indicate a statistically significant and positive return on the first trading day of the month for both indices, offering compelling evidence of a turn-of-the-month effect in the Indian equity market. Conversely, returns on the other trading days, including the last days of the month, are predominantly statistically insignificant, suggesting a lack of a consistent end-of-the-month effect. These results imply that daily stock returns mainly adhere to a random pattern and are more influenced by overarching market dynamics than by calendar-specific elements, except for the early-month return premiums. The identified turn-of-the-month effect may be linked to institutional fund inflows, portfolio rebalancing activities, investor sentiment, and the timing of macroeconomic announcements at the month's outset. In summary, the findings suggest that while short-term trading strategies might capitalize on early-month return patterns, the Indian stock market predominantly demonstrates weak-form efficiency. This study adds to the body of literature on calendar anomalies in emerging markets by offering updated empirical insights and emphasizing the changing nature of market efficiency in India.
Day of the Month Effect; Calendar Anomalies; Indian Stock Market; SENSEX; NIFTY 50; Dummy Variable Regression; Market Efficiency
Neuromarketing and CTA Design in E-Commerce: Consumer Responses and Ethical Insights – A Systematic Literature Review
In study on neuromarketing in e-commerce has grown substantially. Although earlier research has used neuroscience approaches to analyse consumer behaviour, there remains not enough of systematic classification of studies that examine how design factors like layout, colour, and call-to-action (CTA) influence online decision-making. In order to fill this gap, 39 peer-reviewed articles were systematically reviewed in the literature. Four research themes emerged from a thorough assessment and thematic analysis: (1) use of neuromarketing as an e-commerce driver; (2) effectiveness of calls to action; (3) consumer reactions; and (4) application and ethical implications. Additionally, a theme framework was created to connect neuromarketing insights with conversion behaviors, psychophysiological reactions, and visual attention in online purchasing environments. The result has showed that the neuromarketing is the revolutionary techniques it understands the consumer behaviour and the preferences but even after identification of the need the consumer behaviour can changed as it’s depended on how information is transformed.
Neuromarketing, Call to action (CTA), Consumer Response, E-Commerce, Ethical Insight
Customer Response towards Financial Literacy Initiatives of Commercial Banks
This study examines the financial literacy initiatives implemented by commercial banks among customers of selected public and private sector banks. Two public sector banks—State Bank of India (SBI) and Bank of Baroda (BOB)—and two private sector banks—HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank—were chosen for the investigation. A total of 385 customers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire administered through convenience sampling. The study analyzes customers’ awareness, participation, and perceived effectiveness of financial literacy programmes offered by these banks. The Chi-square test was employed to explore the association between demographic characteristics(Banks Nature) and the level of financial literacy among respondents. The findings provide insights into how financial literacy initiatives influence customer understanding of financial products and services, helping banks refine their outreach strategies and strengthen customer engagement.
Financial Literacy, Demographic Characteristics, Commercial Banks, Customer Knowledge Management
EXAMINING PERCEPTION OF CONSUMERS’ SHOPPING ONLINE WITH REFERENCE TO AHMEDABAD CITY
The rapid expansion of the e-commerce sector, combined with the emergence of modern technologies, has significantly altered consumer purchasing behaviors, shifting them from traditional in-store shopping to online shopping. Over the past decade, this trend has been driven by increased internet access through mobile phones, tablets, and laptops, making online shopping more convenient and faster. Consumers now enjoy a wide range of products and services delivered directly to their doorsteps. This research aims to explore the perceptions of online shoppers in Ahmedabad City. Primary data was gathered from 1001 respondents in Ahmedabad using a structured questionnaire. The study examines consumer preferences for online shopping, identifies key factors influencing their choices across different product categories, and investigates the process consumers use to finalize purchases. It also assesses the annual expenditure on online shopping and evaluates how consumers' demographic profiles impact their online shopping preferences.
Online Shopping, Perception, Ahmedabad City, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Artificial Neural Network
Why Consumers Avoid Brands: The Effect of Product Factors and Brand Hate
Brands give consumers meaning to their lives. Marketing researchers have customarily underlined the positive aspects of consumption. Extensive work has been done by researchers in positive responses to brands. Marketing research has often focused on the positive attitudes towards brands, while negative evaluations of brands were neglected. The extant literature does not have a far reaching, and parsimonious understanding of anti-consumption and its related topics, such as brand hate and brand avoidance and different factors that leads to anti consumption. So, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of product levels factors (perceived deception, negative past experience, ideological incompatibility, undesired self-congruence and social influence) on brand avoidance. The study used quantitative approach. The data is obtained from 125 passenger car users of Ernakulam city. Statistical analysis was conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate, discover in depth exploration of the specific types of ant consumption, brand hate, and brand avoidance and different product level factors that leads towards brand hate and ultimately towards brand avoidance. In doing so the main aim is to contribute more complete, integrative, and detailed understanding of the area.
Brand avoidance, Brand hate, Ideological Incompatibility, Undesired Self- congruence
Reconstructing, Redefining and Revisiting Role and Relevance of Cooperative Society in Contemporary India: An Analysis
It has been rightly articulated by our Prime Minister with regard to the culture and practice of cooperatives in India that the cooperation has always been a part and parcel of our diverse and prosperous Indian heritage. The concept of cooperative society is not at all new for the old generation Indians. As the cooperation phenomenon has been a living experience in our society since the inception and emergence of our society. The concept of cooperative is deeply implanted across diverse cultures and customs of Indian society. Thus, cooperation runs in the bloods of Indians. However, the advent of information and communication technology has adversely affected the culture and practice of cooperation across Indian society. Therefore, the concept of cooperation in our contemporary society is on the verge of extinction on account of ongoing and gradual shift of society from collective caring to nucleus nurturing. The change in the mindset of current generation determines problems and prospects on the way to growth and development in cooperative societies. The concept of cooperative is a humane, inclusive, multidimensional, and symbiotic phenomenon. This concept emerged across the globe as an effective mechanism to deal with rampant exploitations, injustices, and unfair and unethical dealings by economically and socially dominant sections of the society. Thus, it is an instrument of marginalized and weaker sections of the society to deal with exploitations and oppressions led by the capitalist class or rich section of the society. The concept of cooperative society is more than the concept of community owned enterprise. As cooperatives aim at inclusive and sustainable development by encouraging self-reliance, economic independence, and service motive via decentralization and democratic control. This article is an attempt to analyze the underlying objectives and elements of cooperatives to develop insights into the future prospects and problems of cooperatives in contemporary Indian society.
Cooperative, Capitalist, Exploitation, Inclusive, Marginalized, & Self-Reliance.
Digital Payment Adoption and Its Influence on Retail Business Practices in Ahmedabad: A Generational Perspective
India’s rapid shift toward a digital economy has transformed retail payment practices, making digital modes increasingly essential for business operations. This study examines digital payment adoption among small and medium retailers in Ahmedabad, focusing on generational differences between younger and mid-career entrepreneurs. Primary data from 102 respondents were analyzed using non-parametric techniques including the Mann Whitney U, Chi-Square, and Kruskal–Wallis tests to assess usage patterns, perceptions, and operational concerns. Results indicate that younger retailers exhibit stronger acceptance of UPI, QR payments, and mobile wallets, while older counterparts remain cautious due to traditional business habits, trust concerns, and taxation uncertainty. Challenges related to fraud risks, network failures, and low digital competency continue to hinder smooth adoption, particularly among conventional retail formats. The study proposes strategic interventions by policymakers and fintech service providers to enhance confidence, strengthen infrastructure, and support inclusive digital participation among all retailer segments.
Digital Payment Adoption, Ahmedabad, UPI and Mobile Wallets, Retailer Behaviour
Driving Sustainable Performance through Green HRM: The Mediating Role of Leadership and Organizational Culture
This study examines how Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) influences employee performance (EP) through the mediating roles of green leadership (GL) and green organizational culture (GOC). Using data from 157 employees in ISO 14001-certified firms, the measurement and structural models were tested through CFA and SEM. Results reveal that GHRM positively affects EP, with GOC and GL serving as significant mediators. GOC nurtures shared sustainability-oriented values that promote eco-friendly behaviours, while GL motivates employees by modeling environmental responsibility and fostering green innovation. These mediating mechanisms ensure that GHRM practices effectively translate into measurable performance outcomes. The study enriches sustainable HRM literature by validating cultural and leadership pathways linking GHRM to performance. Practically, it suggests that firms should integrate green HR practices with leadership development and culture-building initiatives. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, ISO-certified sample, and focus on limited mediators, warranting future longitudinal and cross-sector research.
Green HRM, Employee Performance, Sustainable HRM, Green Employee Involvement, Performance appraisal, Employee Engagement
UNVEILING THE KEY DRIVERS OF BRAND LOVE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON EMOTIONAL COMMITMENT: A STUDY AMONG APPLE USERS
The study investigates the interrelationships among Brand Experience, Brand Emotional Attachment, Brand Rituals and Traditions, Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust, and Brand Love, and examines how Brand Love influences Brand Affective Commitment among professionals using the Apple brand. Utilizing a sample of 201 respondents, the research reveals significant positive correlations between all studied factors and Brand Love. Specifically, Brand and Brand Trust exhibit very strong positive correlations with Brand Love. The study further identifies a significant positive correlation between Brand Love and Brand Affective Commitment. These findings suggest that enhancing key factors such as Brand Experience, Emotional Attachment, Rituals and Traditions, Satisfaction, and Trust can substantially foster Brand Love, which in turn, strongly contributes to consumer’s Affective Commitment to the brand. The insights from this research are beneficial for brand managers and marketers who seek to foster lasting, emotionally meaningful relationships with their customers.
Brand BE-Experience, BEA-Brand Emotional Attachment-Brand Rituals and Traditions, BS-Brand Satisfaction, BT -Brand Trust, BL-Brand Love, BAC-Brand Affective Commitment
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce
IMPACT OF ONLINE RECOMMENDATION ON PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR OF GREEN APPAREL ON GEN Z IN AHMEDABAD
The quick growth of e-commerce and the rising awareness of environmental sustainability in the current digital era have changed how consumers shop. Generation Z is one of the most digitally active and ecologically sensitive consumer groups on the market. Examining how internet recommendations for eco-friendly clothing affect Gen Z customers' purchasing decisions is the goal of this planned study. Green gear, which stands for clothing made ethically and sustainably, is being marketed more and more through influencer marketing, online reviews, and digital platforms. The study will look into how things like ecological concerns and trust in online recommendations affect Gen Z's propensity to buy eco-friendly clothing. Online surveys that are structured will be used in a quantitative research strategy. It was found that there were many factors but engagement in sustainable fashion issues having the most impact, credibility was the best predictor, whereas information novelty had no discernible impact on Gen Z's purchasing of green apparels. This study will give marketers important information for creating digital communication plans that will encourage Gen Z consumers to buy eco-friendly clothing.
Green Apparels, Ecological concerns, Online Recommendations, Gen Z, Purchase behavior
TRACING THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ACCOUNTING: A HALF-CENTURY REVIEW (1975–2025)
In the past fifty years (1975–2025), accounting theory has changed a lot because of the combined influence of the economy, human behaviour, ethics, institutions and technology. This study provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the historical development of accounting theories and traces their transformation from prescriptive and normative approaches to empirical, behavioural and sustainability-oriented paradigms. The study shows that accounting ideas have grown step by step, but are still connected. In the late 20th century, Positive Accounting Theory was the main focus. Later, Institutional and Behavioural views developed to handle problems in corporate governance. In the 21st century, new ideas like Sustainability Accounting and Digital Accounting became more important. The study shows that modern accounting theory includes many different ideas and approaches. It focuses on ethical responsibility, social trust and openness through technology. However, there are still gaps in bringing together ethics, sustainability and digital change into one complete framework. The paper concludes that the future of accounting theory depends on combining knowledge from different fields such as economics, data science, behavioural psychology and environmental ethics to build a well-rounded and global foundation for accounting practice.
Positive Accounting Theory, Normative Theory, Behavioural Accounting, Digital Accounting, Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Transparency.
HR CHALLENGES IN FOSTERING EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT AND COMMITMENT THROUGH ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE IN THE GIG ECONOMY
With the emergence of the gig economy, the traditional paradigms of employment have been re-organised by introducing the flexible and freelance type of work. Although such arrangements have increased income opportunities and improved work life balance, they have also spawned the problems of preserving organisational culture and commitment of the workforce. The proposed study aims to explore the barriers to employee involvement and commitment as a strategy of human resource (HR) departments in the context of the gig economy. It also intends to determine strategic human resource management (HRM) interventions that may promote organisational culture and engagement. In this study, the secondary qualitative research design is implemented, which is based on an interpretivist philosophy and an inductive approach to analysis. Eight secondary publications, which were peer-reviewed and reputable, were used as a source of data. Thematic analysis was then used to extract salient outcomes. This study analysis that though gig economy enhances flexibility and productivity, it gives HR a challenge in maintaining labour commitments. The main issues include labour misclassification, job insecurity and legal risks. Nevertheless, the challenges notwithstanding, the strategic deployment of digital human resource applications and real-time feedback systems came out as useful tools of enhancing engagement and alleviating compliance gaps. To support HRM practises in the gig economy, organisations must make use of agile approaches, enhance digital HR systems, and agree on specific contractual obligations. These strategies have the potential to increase the engagement of employees, the level of legal compliance, and the general organisational culture in the context of gig-based job arrangements.
IMPACT OF PACKAGING ON BUYING BEHAVIOR OF CONSUMER IN ERODE DISTRICT
Food packaging plays a vital role in preserving food quality, extending shelf life, and ensuring safe delivery from producers to consumers. This project explores the design and development of an efficient, eco-friendly food packaging system that addresses modern challenges in sustainability, hygiene, and functionality. The packaging solution integrates biodegradable materials, innovative sealing techniques, and user-friendly features to maintain freshness, prevent contamination, and reduce environmental impact. Emphasis is also placed on aesthetic appeal, portability, and compliance with food safety standards. The study demonstrates how intelligent packaging, such as indicators for freshness and temperature control, can further enhance consumer confidence and product reliability. Overall, the project highlights the importance of smart, sustainable packaging in the evolving food industry. The study findout Impact of Packaging on buying behavior of consumer in Erode District. To analyze the impact of food packages on consumer behavior.
INVESTOR PSYCHOLOGY VS. SPECULATOR PSYCHOLOGY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
This study delves into the psychological distinctions between investors and speculators, with a focus on their decision-making processes and behavioral biases. Investors generally display traits such as patience, risk aversion, and a long-term perspective, whereas speculators often exhibit high-risk tolerance, impulsivity, and a short-term focus. Both groups are influenced by psychological biases like overconfidence, herd mentality, and loss aversion, which shape their market behaviors and outcomes in different ways. Understanding these psychological factors is essential for enhancing investment strategies, mitigating irrational decision-making, and anticipating market fluctuations. This research makes a significant contribution to behavioral finance by providing insights into the cognitive processes that drive financial decisions, thereby promoting financial stability and market efficiency.
Behavioural Finance, Investor Psychology, Speculator Psychology, Market Efficiency
A REVIEW OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CONSUMER TRUST IN SEAFOOD PRODUCTS: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW
The relationship between consumer trust and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the global seafood industry is thoroughly reviewed in this study. The research investigates how CSR practices such as environmental certifications, ethical sourcing, labour rights, and transparency affect consumer views and purchase decisions by examining current literature, industry reports, and case studies across various geographical and cultural contexts. The research highlights the importance of reliable certifications and eco-labels in building customer trust and loyalty by identifying important trends, geographical variances, and best practices in CSR implementation. The study also looks at the knowledge gaps that currently exist, especially with regard to the efficacy of CSR programs in various markets, and suggests future lines of inquiry and policy formation. Overall, the results highlight the value of strategic CSR integration as a seafood company's competitive advantage, fostering ethical sourcing, sustainability, and consumer trust in a world market that is changing quickly.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Consumer Trust , Seafood Industry, Sustainability Certifications , Ethical Sourcing
A STUDY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TOWARDS GOLD JEWELLERY PURCHASE WITH REFERENCES IN ERODE DISTRICT
Customers‟ satisfaction is a measurement to determine how happy customers are with gold jewellery and customer service. Customer satisfaction information, which includes surveys and ratings can help jewellery shops to determine or improve or change its gold jewellery and customer services. The jewellery owner must focus to satisfy customer and this applies to gold jewellery branded shops, Non-branded shops and manufacturing units. Customers include any jewellery shop with customer services. In many jewellery shops, both customers and sales man maintain relationship very strongly. They are namely primary and secondary data. In this present study, some more statistical tools are used. The major finding is that the respondents‟ income level has increased. The customer has to purchase gold jewellery only in the branded jewellery shops. It is concluded that gold jewellery purchase behaviours of respondents have demand driven approach. Selection of gold jewellery shops is preferred by the buyers where benefit in price and warranty with service are available.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF DAIRY COOPERATIVES IN INDIA
This literature review examines the various effects of dairy cooperatives on smallholder dairy production systems with emphasis on cases from India. 25 research articles were randomly chosen from different states in India, and their data were analysed. Most of the papers were based on primary data collected directly from dairy cooperatives and also from the dairy farmers who were members of dairy cooperative societies across the states. The analysis encompasses several key aspects, including farm income, employment, and overall socio-economic development facilitated by cooperative membership. Thus, the results show that dairy cooperatives have a positive impact on income and employment in states like Assam and Kerala; however, there are some issues regarding technology adoption, the price differential between the market and that received by the cooperatives, and high production costs. Also, the study establishes the importance of job satisfaction of employees in Kerala’s dairy cooperatives as a factor that influences job performance and organizational commitment. In addition, the review also focuses on the aspect of women empowerment and rural development in the context of cooperatives in Gujarat to show how the well-being of the community and entrepreneurial activities have been enhanced. Also, the article compiles findings from different case studies done in other states such as Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, and so on. In conclusion, the review calls for policy measures that will enhance the performance and profitability of dairy cooperatives and will help in addressing the challenges that have been identified during the study, creating awareness on the need to educate the smallholder dairy farmers on the need to embrace education and access to resources for the sustainable development of dairy farming.
Dairy Cooperatives, Dairy farming, Dairy farmers
ADOPTION OF MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEM: A STUDY ON MOBILE WALLETS
This study explores the factors influencing the adoption of mobile payment systems. Utilizing a comprehensive framework that examines Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, Perceived security, social influence, attitude, reward, personal innovativeness and compatibility. The research employs quantitative methods to analyse user perceptions and behavioural intentions. The study used quantitative research methodology and using non-probability sampling technique 277 samples were collected from users of mobile payment in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar. The findings reveal that Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, Perceived security, social influence, attitude, personal innovativeness significantly positively impact users' willingness to adopt mobile payments, while rewards and compatibility do not show significant effects. The model demonstrates a strong explanatory power, accounting for 83.3% of the variance in users' intentions to use or continue using mobile payment systems. These insights highlight the critical role of practical and social factors in fostering digital payment adoption and provide valuable guidance for businesses and policymakers aiming to promote contactless transactions.
Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, Perceived security, social influence, attitude, personal innovativeness, Mobile payment system
MODELLING CONSUMER PLATFORM CHOICE IN DIGITAL APPAREL SHOPPING USING MULTINOMIAL REGRESSION
The study explores how different features of social media marketing influence consumers’ choice of platform when shopping for branded apparel online. Using data collected from 127 respondents in Gujarat, the research applies multinomial logistic regression to analyse the impact of various factors such as discounts, exclusive finds, brand updates, easy returns, timely delivery, trying new products, trusted reviews, price comparison, and user ratings. The results reveal that five factors—discounts, brand updates, easy returns, trying new products, and price comparison—significantly affect platform preference. Among the platforms studied, Instagram emerged as the most preferred and predictable choice for online shopping. The findings provide useful insights for marketers and content creators aiming to build stronger digital strategies.
Social Media Marketing, Platform Preference, Branded Apparel
GLOBAL RESEARCH TRENDS IN ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POST-PANDEMIC SCHOLARLY EVOLUTION (2019–2024)
This study maps global research trends in entrepreneurial education from 2019 to 2024, analysing 1,212 SSCI-indexed journal articles from the Web of Science Core Collection through the lenses of human capital theory, planned behaviour theory, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Using the Bibliometrix package in R and VOSviewer, performance analysis and science mapping were applied to examine publication trends, citation impact, co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and thematic evolution. Results show sustained growth in scholarly output, led by the United States and European nations, while Malaysia and Singapore achieved exceptional citation impact. Strong transnational collaborations, particularly in Europe, underpin thematic priorities such as entrepreneurial learning, self-efficacy, innovation, and sustainability, with an emerging focus on gender, social entrepreneurship, and digital pedagogy. The findings offer actionable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers, providing the most comprehensive recent bibliometric mapping of entrepreneurial education. This integration of quantitative evidence with theory informs post-pandemic research and pedagogical innovation.
Entrepreneurial Education; Bibliometric Analysis; Research Collaboration Networks; Emerging Economies; Post-Pandemic Education; Innovation Pedagogy
CHANGING PATTERN OF TRADE OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN INDIA
The paper discussed the pattern of crude oil and petroleum products trades in India. It has found that offshore fields are contributing a significant portion in crude oil production in India. The gap between production and imports of crude oil has increased continuously since 1987-88. Majority of production of crude oil is arising from Western Offshore and Western Onland, Assam & Assam Arakan basin, Cauvery basin, Krishna Godavari basin, and Krishna-Godavari Offshore basin. Import bill of oil and gas has increased more than two times in the last five years. Import of petroleum products was increased during 2017-18 to 2022-23, but export of such products was reduced during the period. Gross turnover by Central Public-sector Enterprises is increasing continuously, but decreased during 2019-2021ffor the corona pandemic. FDI in petroleum and natural gas sectors was increased continuously but declined later due to the corona pandemic. Demand for crude oil in India is always higher than the self-production. Cost of petroleum products imported is increasing continuously. During the Russia-Ukraine conflict, imports of crude oil were suddenly increased from Russia. Russia remains the top seller of oil in India during the war period. India is the third largest energy consumer. Therefore, the government should take major initiatives for increasing crude oil and petroleum products in India that will reduce its dependents on imports.
Business, Crude Oil, Export, Import, Petroleum Products, and Trade
GREEN BONDS: A GENUINE PATH TO SUSTAINABILITY OR A CLEVER MARKETING STRATEGY?
Green bonds are gaining popularity as a way to raise funds for environmental projects—like building solar plants or protecting against climate risks. They’re seen as a win-win: good for the planet and appealing to investors. But as more companies and governments issue green bonds, questions have started to surface. Are these bonds truly driving sustainability, or are they just being used as a marketing tool? This paper explores both sides of that question. By looking at real examples from India, the Netherlands, and the World Bank, and using reports from groups like IFC, SEBI, and the Climate Bonds Initiative, we examine how green bonds are being used in practice—and where they fall short. We also study new regulatory efforts and innovative instruments like transition bonds and sustainability-linked bonds. Our findings suggest that while green bonds can lead to meaningful change, they’re not always used as intended. Without strong rules, transparency, and accountability, they risk becoming more about image than impact. If done right, though, they can still be one of the most powerful tools in the fight against climate change.
Green bonds; Sustainable finance; ESG; Renewable energy; Climate change mitigation; Impact investing
COMMERCIAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDIAN COAL INDUSTRY: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
The paper discussed the financial performance and trade scenario of the coal industry in India. It has been found that India is traditionally a coal-producing country. India is a leading coal-producing and consuming country. Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh are the leading coal-producing states. Production of non-coking and coking coal has increased in the last ten years. Coil India Limited is the leading coal-producing company. Import and value of coking coal, non-coking coal, and coke & coal products are increasing continuously. India imports large quantities of coal due to the rising coal demand in the steel and power industries. Exports of non-coking and coking coal from India are not stable and declined in certain periods due to external factors. India exports coal to South Asian countries. Telangana, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh are the highest royalty-receiving states from coal mining. The import quantity of non-coking and coking coal in India is higher than the export quantity. Therefore, the government should implement suitable policies for increasing the production of coal and reducing the dependence on imports of coal from other countries. It will increase the sustainability as well as the financial performance of coal-producing Indian companies.
Coal industry, Export, Import, Revenue and Trade